الفهرس 
Introduction and Aim of the WorkOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Activation of the immune response is a major feature of autoimmune diseases. The immune response usually involves activation of both T and B cells, the latter producing antibodies that can be detected in the sera and can be used to guide the clinical management of certain diseases. Antibodies may reflect the presence, nature, and intensity of the immune response. So, it is possible to use autoantibodies as markers of disease activity. Also they can be detected in the diseases with a long prodrome during which there are no clinical symptoms. This review focused on the identification and evaluation of autoantibodies for diagnosis and prognosis of some systemic and organ-specific autoimmune diseases. Such as rheumatoid factor and anti-CCP antibodies in RA, antibodies against DNA and against the components of the cell membrane phospholipid components in SLE, antibodies against the islet cells of the pancreas and against insulin in IDDM and antibodies against the nucleus of cells and antibodies to the soluble liver antigenliver pancrease antigen in AIH, antibodies against Thyroglobulin in AIT , antibodies to gliadin in CD and antibodies against centromer in multiple sclerosis.