الفهرس 
Preface
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Abstract
Piperazine is a cyclic secondary amine. numerous compounds containing piperazine moiety were introduced in medicine and pharmacy. They can be classified according to their pharmacological action to:
a) Anthelmintic drugs:inc1uding piperazine itself and its salts as piperazine phosphate, piperazine adipate and piperazine citrate. These drugs were also used in veterinary medicine for the treatment of intestinal worms in animals. In the anthe1min-
tic applications of the piperazine. salts it is the piperazine portion of the molecule which produce the desired effect. Piperazines were also incorrporated in some phar.maceutical preparations used for the treatment of arthritis.
Diethylcarbamazine citrate, l-dij”ethylcarbamoy1-
4-methy1 piperazine dihydrogen citrate; is used for the treatment of filariasis. The best balance bettween antifilaria1 activity and systemic toxicity
was found among 1,4-disubstituted piperazines. The anthelmintic activity resides in those compounds
that could potentially be converted in the body into piperazine.
b) Drugs used in the treatment ot infective bronchospasmj piperazine theophylline ethanoate (acepifylline). it is more soluble than aminophylline and causes less nausea and gastric irritation than aminophylline (theophylline ethylenediamine), and is better toleraated by intramuscular injection. Acepifylline syrup is an acceptable preparation in the symptomatic treatment of infective bronchospasm in intants under 12 months.
c) Psychotropic drugs among phenothiazines used in the treatment of psychiatr~c disorders are those containning piperazine moiety e.g. trifluoperazine dihydroochloride, thiethylperazine dihydrochloride and prochlorperazine dimaleate. Phenothiazines with piperazine side chain are used tor apathetic withhdrawn patients because they have more marked stimuulating effects. The presence ot piperazine side chain causes less hypotension, tachycardia and drowsiness than those in the other groups.
The present study taIls within the area of drug analysis, besides, it includes attempts to quantify certain piperazine salts and derivatives.
The thesis consists of four parts, which could be arized as follows:
This part extends our previous investigation on
p perazine, where the react ion of piperazine with
trous acid leading to the corresponding nitrosooerivatives. The later exhibits a pronounced absorption U.V. region. In this part a polarographic scanning of the. nitroso-derivatives produce a well defined cathodic wave which is adopted for a quantitative evaluu~1on of piperazine, its salts, diethylcarbamazine and perazine theophylline.
It includes a spectrophotometric study of chargeeransfer complex formation between piperazine, piperaaine salts or compounds and different TT-acceptors e.g., hloranil, bromanil, chloranilic acid and tetracyanoo~h11ene either in aqueous or non-aqueous media cLr
~trated. The spectra generated is utilized to velop a sensitive spectrophotometric assay of the ud1ed compounds in certain dosage forms. :
This part deals with phenothiazines as a basic drugs
01’1\ a TT-IT complex with many IT-acceptors as quinone derivatives, but this phenomena had not been utilized for their evaluation, so this investigation involve a thorough study of reaction of various TI -o..c• ~r Z) •
with the phenothiazines in an attempt to analyse these drugs spectrophotometrically. Moreover, the quinones TT-acceptors are tried as titrants for phenothiazines, and the drugs under investigation were determined in presence of their oxidation degradation products with TI-acceptors by spectrophotometric titration techniques.
Part IV:
It includes a study about the ion-pair formation between phenothiazines and certain dyes and as a
result a fluorometric determination of these drugs is derived. Several fluorogenic reagents had been tried e.g. Rose-bengal, fluorescien, and eosin. Only eosine gives reliable and reproducible results. The study ~volves ion-pair formation in various solvents, effecctive concentration of the reagent and application of the proposed procedure for quantification of the studied phenothiazine drugs containing piperazine moiety.