الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Multi drug resistance is a major health problem which substantially increases morbidity and mortality among hospitalized patients. Drug resistance is the ability of microbes such as bacteria to resist or withstand harmful effects of an antibiotic. It could be due to genetic or structural changes (cell wall or enzyme). Here, we studied the multi-resistance to antibiotics in Gram negative bacilli (GNB), isolated from urinary tract infections, post-surgical infections, sepsis and pneumonia among patients in acute care hospitals, at all molecular level. GNB isolates belong to the family Enterobacteriaceae and these infectious agents exhibited antibiotic resistance to numerous drugs. They were identified as: Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., E-coli, Salmonella spp., Citrobacter spp. and Shigella spp. using classical and serological methods. Molecular characterization of the isolated included plasmid profile, total cellular protein analysis and detection of genes encoding for drug resistance by PCR. Any one of these techniques, by itself, is insufficient for reliable differentiation between these closely related bacterial species. In PCR five oligonucleotide primers specific for cefotaxime (CTX), TEM-type β-lactamase gene (blaTEM) – Trimethoprim (TMP) – Outer membrane protein (OMP) –Gyr were used not only to differentiate between the bacterial isolates but to detect the specific gene responsible for antibiotic resistance in each isolate.