الفهرس 
anatomy of external earOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The aim of the present work is to review the literature regarding personal identification from the human external ear. Identification by ear biometrics is promising because it is passive like face recognition, but instead of the difficulties to extract face biometrics, it uses simply extracted biometrics like those in fingerprinting.Three procedures are applied for ear biometrics namely (1) manual anthropometry by using caliper; (2) two-dimensional (2D) photogrammetry (3) three-dimensional (3D) computer-aided digitizers. Despite the previously mentioned benefits, there are still several error possibilities in ear identification.It is concluded that ear biometrics can be used for passive identification. Future researches and studies regarding evaluation and comparison of ear biometric algorithms, the creation of database for ear images, reducing error possibilities in ear identification are mandatory.