الفهرس 
INTRODUCTION
Reduction of Aircraft Noise SourceOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Noise pollution (or environmental noise) is displeasing human-, animal- or machine-created sound that disrupts the activity or balance of human or animal life. Environmental noise is defined as the noise emitted from all sources except in the industrial workplace. The extent of the environmental noise problem is very large. The source of most outdoor noise worldwide is transportation systems, including motor vehicle noise, aircraft noise and railway noise. Poor urban planning may give rise to noise pollution. Although, several researshs were conducted on noise levels determination in the form of field-measurements, model and laboratory simulation, but most of them have studied the noise levels without quantification to its annoyance levels to users. This is should be investigated either for road traffic noise or rail transportation-related noise. On the other hand, from the economic point of view the effect of transportation-related noise should be quantified in terms of cost either for persons individually or the society as a whole. For this issue, the present study is targeted to determine the noise levels emitted through regular transportation systems used in our society, to compare the transportation-related noise levels with the permissible limits according to the Egyptian law of environment and the world health organization limits, to quantify the noise annoyance cause to users by transportation modes and to highlight the main suggestions and recommendations for noise reduction and control. It was found that Mansoura city, (the case study of this research) has transportation-related noise levels more than the permissible limits according to the Egyptian law of environment. Also, the emitted noise levels through road traffic have peak values compatible with the traffic volumes peaks. Furthermore, the current legislation for traffic noise not completed. For example, the use of vehicles alarm should be given more constraints in urban areas. Concerning railway systems, railway stations should provided with closed administrative building and elevated wall to work as a noise barrier. In addition, railway stations should provided with waiting halls for passengers as airports in order to decrease the exposure time to rail noise. Railway lines should be sited outside the urban areas as they are significantly creating a noise problem. A questionnaire was designed for quantification of transportation-related noise annoyance and it is revealed that about 73% of people are significantly exposed to traffic noise, while near about 32% of people are significantly exposed to railway noise. Also, transportation-related noise has created some problems such as; hard to concentrate and disturbing when reading or working, get headaches/migraine and disturbing when watching TV or talking in telephone. In general, the environmental problem created by transportation-related noise can be solved using a known noise control technology.