الفهرس 
Introduction and aim of studyOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
1. The solid acid catalysts were prepared by different methods; these are: 1.1. Silica gel was prepared by different methods used as a support for 40 % PMA (abbreviated as 40%PMASX, X=1, 2, 3, and 4) which was prepared by impregnation method with concentration of 40 wt. %. 1.2. Solid acid of phosphomolybdic acid supported on MCM-41 (H3PMo12O40/ MCM-41, abbreviated as PMAS catalysts) was prepared by impregnation method with concentration of 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 wt. %. 1.3. Phosphomolybdic acid supported on MCM-41 and substituted with caesium ion (Cs2.5H0.5PMo12O40/ MCM-41, abbreviated as Cs2.5PMAS catalysts) was prepared by sequential impregnation and in situ reaction on the support. 2. All of the prepared catalyst samples were dried at 120°C over night, and then calcined at 350oC for 3 hours. 3. Structural characterization of the prepared catalysts and the phase changes were determined using thermal analysis and X-ray techniques. 4. Textural properties were determined by measuring the adsorption of nitrogen at -196oC using conventional volumetric apparatus. 5. The nature of acid sites of the investigated catalysts was determined by pyridine adsorption measurements. 6. The catalytic activity was measured by Pechmann reaction.