الفهرس 
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Abstract
The term life-cycle assessment (LCA) is generally reserved for the analytical procedure or method that includes the compilation and evaluation of the inputs and outputs and the potential impacts of a product or process throughout its life cycle. Generally, an LCA consists of the following four components (or phases): • Goal scope and definition • Inventory analysis • Impact assessment • Interpretation The ISO standards include additional phases for reporting and certifying the results. While these reporting and certification phases are important for LCAs whose results will be compared with other LCAs, conformance with these ISO standards is not necessary for LCAs whose results will be used solely for internal decision making. LCA is an iterative method, where earlier phases may be revised on the basis of findings in later phases. LCA techniques, which typically cover cradle-to-grave inputs and outputs, can also be used in “cradle-to-gate” and “gate-to-gate” studies and to analyze specific parts of a product life cycle, such as waste management The Cradle to Cradle is an innovation platform developed by architect William McDonough and chemist Michael Braungart for designing beneficial economic, social and environmental features into products, processes and systems. Rather than seeking to minimize the harm we inflict, Cradle to Cradle reframes design as a positive, regenerative force—one that creates footprints to delight in, not lament Cradle to Cradle is characterized by three principles derived from nature Everything is a resource for something else In nature, the “waste” of one system is food for another. Buildings can be designed to be disassembled and safely returned to the soil (biological nutrients), or re-utilized as high-quality materials for new products and buildings (technical nutrients). Conventional building systems and infrastructures (for example, wastewater treatment) can be redesigned to become nutrient management systems that capture previously discarded resources for safe and productive reuse Use renewable energy. Living things thrive on the energy of current solar income. Similarly, human constructs can utilize renewable energy in many forms—such as wind, geothermal and gravitational energy—thereby capitalizing on these abundant resources while supporting human and environmental health.