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Abstract This essay i s submit t;ed in rtiril fulfi lmnt faa’ the master degree (Li 3c) in oropaocicr i do my N St to COVO the d iffsr nt types flu mc oh E1SS of the atia;.to axial inji:ri es arid their difhEr— ent Lin’s of manugemen with r Jsio of ii trattzreo in— tercstc3 in this subject. This esoay is viried into eveo c}icp:rs: The descipti rotcmy with pricolar [pee ores f the atlas cxis Th ntlento ocoipi. tai. ci rt the Ii aert e ectin the a:ci r with the occ pttaJ, bs: & the:cra’ents t 1;he t1a.uto axiol jorit. rL ainc an al jcint, toe i_i1 _zit of t lie ntis i and aXJ..F3 aa the roveiflc1ts 001.50 podcin iJ’i of ihe atis & axi The blood supply of the att i c oc:l al oomp] c & the vnoas system f the atiac & ax The development & ocific flon of he ets & axis Trie ccnenital snomutix o Oi. hI e Ioc rxis and their ao oo:cn.cJ inio 1 £ o in oh ar 1 CnLer1itoi etl.anto 2 JItianto — Ocoipitol fi:sioo Cogeii1.9nooleo cl the oto c 4 oxi ty ci thc ooo no an.o1 .1ipron 5 .leoiln.r -[Ip1’esicn |