الفهرس 
Turn over of Calcium Inside The BodyOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The calcium channel blockers, by virtue of the inhibition
of the slow calcium current in exeitable cells, have clinically
important effects on the contractile process of cardiac and vascular
smooth muscle and on the automatiaty and conduction
properties of specialized conducting tissue in the heart. They
represent an important advancement in the medical therapy of the
major cardiovascular diseases.
Results obtained in this study showed that verapamil attenuates
the hemodynamic response to haryngoscopy and tracheal
intubation in thiopental anaesthesia, verapamil also was used as
a hypotensive agent during general anaesthesia with controlled
ventilation with pancuronum.
Verapamil has no significant effect on serum electrolytes, a
point which reflects its safety in cardiac patients. Verapamil
produces a complex interaction of alterations in preload, after
lead due to its vascular smooth muscle relaxant effect, its negative
inotropic effect causes inhibition of myocardial contractility
decreasing the myocardial oxygen consumption and decreasing
the rate pressure product and decreasing the occurance of ischemia.
Resutls obtained in this study showed that verapamil has a
pronounced negative inotropic action on the isolated mammalian
heart. This action on the heart is thought to occur on the superficially
located membrane storage sites for calcium.
studies on the vascular smooth muscle of rabbit’s aortic
spiral strip revealed that verapamil has a relaxant effect, so it
should be given cautiously to those patients with constipation
while it could be given safely to patients with bronchial asthma.
Experimental work showed that verapamil had an antidysrhythmic
effect., It was proven that verapamil had a well evident
prophylactic effect against adrenaline-induced dysrhythmias.
Experimental studies showed the muscle relaxant effect of
verapamil in vitro in isolated frog’s rectus. abdominus and in
vivo in gastrocnemius-sciatic nerve preparation and the potentiation
of non-depolarizing muscle relaxants., the present data and
the previous results of others, suggest that anaesthetists should
be aware of such possible interaction in patients receiving
verapamil. However, to get a clear and right conclusion, human
studies are needed.
In conclusion verapamil can be, used for atteuuation of
hemodynamic response during laryngoscopy and tracheal intulaturn
especially for cardiac and neurosurgical operations and as a
hypotensive agent during general anesthesia.