الفهرس 
General IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
SUMMARY
The work done in this thesis, synthesis of nonionic and anionic surfaceactive agents (sulfated and sulfonated) obtained from non-edible Gawafa
fat, were considered because of the remarkable properties and wide scope
of uses of these compounds. This study has been represented in the
following sections
Section I: It includes the preparation of the fat samples by cold extraction
with n-hexane. The extracted fat was subjected to chemical characterisation
and fatty acids composition via G. L. C. The mixed fatty esters prepared
were subjected to reduction with LiAlHt to the corresponding fatty
alcohols. Nonionic surfactants from the mentioned compounds were
prepared by propylene oxide (3,5 and 7 mole) adduct, in presence ofKOH
as catalyst. Also, in this section, anionic surfactants, were prepared by
reacting the individualfatty alcohols (decanol ClO, dodecanol
C12,tetradecanol C14, hexadecanol C16, octadecanol CIS and 9-octadecenol)
and / or fatty alcohols of Gawafa Fat, with chlorosulfonic acid followed
by neutralization using NaOH to pH = 7; and / or addition of propylene
oxide (n =1,2 and 3) followed by sulfation and neutralization with sodium
hydroxide (2 N). The structure of the synthesized surfactants was
confirmed by examination of their infrared and proton nuclear magnetic
resonance spectra.
Section II: Was concerned with the synthesis of sulfo-fatty esters from
acrylic, methacrylic acids and fatty alcohols (decyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl,
hexdecyl, octadecly, octadec9-enyl, and fatty alcohols of Gawafa Fat)
followed by addition of NaHS03 forming bisulfite adducts where, the
surface active properties showed that; these compounds gave high surface
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properties as detergent with high Ca2+ stability. On other hand sulfo-fatty
esters, were prepared by the reaction of fatty acids with allyl alcohol,
followed by addition of sodium bisulfate forming anionic surface active
agents.
Section III: In this section mono- and diesters of itaconic acid or diester
were prepared using the standard method of esterification followed by
addition of sodium bisulfite where, the sulfo-mono fatty alkyl itaconic
acid esters showed more surface properties than diesters. Micro-analytical
data; IR and H1NMR spectra established the structures of the prepared
compounds. The surface active properties were studied and it is clear that,
some of these compounds showed high Ca++ stability hence they might be
utilized in hard water and most of these compounds showed good
biodegradability properties which manifested the importance of their
application avoiding pollution problems. More improved properties, were
obtained by introducing propylene oxide (3 mole) to sulfo-alkyl esters of
acrylic and itaconic acids with fatty acids and/or fatty alcohols of Gawafa
Fat.
The physical and surface active properties of the prepared surfactants were
evaluated as illustrated in (34 Tables) and (17 Figures) which revealed
that:. the surface active properties in this study were quite satisfactory and
it is hoped that, they will find uses in some industrial application.