الفهرس 
ImmunityOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The word ”mumps” probably derives from the British
verb to ”mump” which means ”to grimace or grin”. Thus the
name of the disease likely refers to the marked parotid
swelling which is the most common physical manifestation
of infection with this virus.
An outbreak of what was probably mumps or epidemic
parotitis was described by Hipocrates in 5th century B.C.
as an illness accompanied swelling near the ear and painful
enlargement of the testes, either unilaterally or bilaterally.
In fact modern virologic and serologic methods showed
that mumps virus could cause illness without parotitis.
During childhood, mumps is generally a selflimited febrile
disease with manifestation that are frequently multisystemic.
The disease is caused by a single strain of paramyxovirus
mumps which is RNA virus and usually spherical and
may also be pleomorphic, filamentous form. During recent
years a number of studies have been reported on the protein
composition of mumps virus. Like other paramyxoviruses
mumps virus has been shown to contain two glycoprotein
structures: the larger one and smaller one. There are many
different strains of mumps virus and each strain has unique
antigenic site. The virus produces hemolysis, hemagglutinin,
complement fixing antigen and an antigen that elicits delayed
hypersensitivity.
Mumps infection are most common in childhood age group.
Almost half of all children entering school had been infected
with mumps. Infection is uncommon during the early
months of life. This may be due in part to infrequent opportunities
for exposure and to placental transfer of maternal
antibody to the fetus.
Infection is most common during the late winter and
early spring months.
Mumps virus infection is spread by respiratory rout.
Male and females are affected with equal frequency
parotid swelling is usually bilateral, although one gland
may begin swelling a day or two earlier than the ether
gland; therefore the progress of parotitis may be asynchronous.
Mumps virus produces a generalised infection. Although
emphasis has focused on parotid involvement, it is clear
that mumps may occur in the absence of parotid swelling.
Meningitis and renal involvement may be considered a part
of the disease.
It is unusual that mumps virus should be responsible
for neonatal respiratory distress. For knowledge only
\one case has been described.
One attack of mumps usually confers liflong immunity.
As regard to the immunity against mumps both, the humeral
and cell mediated immunity are encountered.
A patient with mumps rarely has sever systemic manifestation.
Temperatures are only moderately elevated.
The classic illness begin with fever, headach, and malaise,
followed within 24 hours by pain localized near the lobe
of the ear and aggrevated by chewing movements, direct
palpation. Anorexia is a common complaint. Central nervous
system involvement is a common manifestation, occuring
in about 10 percent of cases. Sometimes patients will
complain of photophobia. Signs of maningeal irritation
also may be present. Evidence of encephalitis, such as
convulsions or disturbances of mentation are less common.
Among adult the second most common manifestation of
mumps is orchitis which occur in 20 to 3S percent of cases.
It is rarely in children before the age of puberty. In
females, an oophoritis infrequently occurs with signs and
symptoms that may be indistinguishable from these of acute
appendicitis. Some patient may complain of abdominal
pain, this may represents involvement of the pancrease,
Pancreatitis may occur in 1% of cases; either alone or
associated with parotitis, the onset may be sudden with
severe epigastric pa1n, fevers, chills, nausia and vomiting.
Nephritis may also occur during the first 14 days after
the onset of parotitis. Other rarely manifestation include:
Thyroiditis, mastitis, dacryoadenitis and bartholinitis.
Since mumps is a self-limited infectious disease and
1S unaffected by the use of antibiotics, treatment is symptomatic
and supportive and is usually includes analgesics
such as aspirin, propoxyphene or codien and parenteral
fluids if anorexia and persistent vomiting occur.
Mumps is a preventable disease by passive and active
immunization. passive immunization (mumps immune globulin)
is a 16.5% solution of y-globulin fraction of blood from
healthy adults who have had mumps. Active immunization
1S a mumps virus vaccines or, measles, mumps and rubella
vaccine.