الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Many projection is one of the important branches of surveying. Nowadays; surveyors are using GPS and total station instruments in most of their works.GPS gives results in the form of rectangular coordinates or angular coordinates relative to reference datum namely. The coordinates go through a projection process to produce a corresponding values as map gird coordinates. distortion happens during this process and affects the map coordnates due to the way of generating a flat surface from a curved one. So, due to the process of projection, the distances and azimuths among the ground stations are distorted, the map projected and the corresponding geodetic values of distances and azimuths are not equal for the same line.
Total station instruments use plan or map coordinates. The main point of the research is to introduce solutions for the incompatiblility between the angular geodetic coordinates and the corresponding map coordinates which arise in the field to the user of total station.
Three methods are suggested to treat the distortion problem.The first method tries to scale the whole area such that a map distance is made to fit the corresponding ground distance.The second method is simply applying local map projection specific to the considered area. The main idea behind these two method is to try to change the coordinates of all the project points such that the user of the total station does not face the incompatibility problem.The results of these two methods sre good, but the resulted coordinates do not belongs to the national coordinates system of egypt. The thrid method is a proposal of geodetic total station (GTS), which is a special total station with improved software, which trying to remove the incompatibility problem.