الفهرس 
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Abstract
Traverse is the subject which has not been touched deeply for long time since the instruments and techniques were not changed.
Now aday, after the invsion of surveying work in all details of our lif such as digital maps, geographical information system, archeological restoring,.....etc.
the need for details surveying is the subgict which should be open for research. Moreover, the large projects in desert have to be covered with surveying work.
In this thesis a review and analysis of new form of traverse using modern instruments and techniques are given also recommendations are summarized at the end.