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Abstract
The critical processes of skeletal growth and bone mineralization take place during childhood; reduced BMD may increase the risk for fractures in children and adolescents.
Asthma is a problem worldwide, it is the most common chronic illness of childhood, and inhaled glucocorticosteroids are the most effective controller therapy for asthma in children of all ages. Corticosteroid may affect bone metabolism through different mechanisms.
Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is the smoke present in the air that nonsmokers inhale; a large literature links both prenatal maternal smoking and children’s ETS exposure to multiple serious health hazards.