الفهرس 
AcknowledgementOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Few scattered studies, regarding the epidemiological data of oral health conditions and treatment needs of school children, were made on small samples in few governorates. The true picture til over the \nati~n is unknown. In this study, an attempt has been made to assess the oral health conditions and treatment needs among the preparatory school children in Alexandria. This. study is one in a.series of similar studies conducted under the supervision of the Department of Health Administration and Medical aare, H.I.P.H. on the students population in Alexandria. Other studies include Primary school children, Secondary schPol children and University students. The study was confined purposely to the first grade prepara tory school children aged 11 -15 years in~.. ~ three zones, namely: East, Middle and West. A stratified’ random sample of 1000 pupils was sel’ected to represent both boys and girls of different socioeconomio levels and the different geograp}jic locations in the city. The methods and techniques de-scribed in WHO ,Or~ Health Surveys: Basic Methods, Second Edition, 1977 were used. Also, Combined Oral Health Conditions and Treatment Needs ~ Forms I and II were used after making some modifications to suit our conditions ( see the appendix). The following findings were obtained: 1..Dental Caries: 1.1. Dental caries was prevelant among the children ( 70.7 ) with average DMFT = 2.16 per child with (D) component 1.98 ,(M) component 0.15 and (F) component ~ 0.03. 1.2. The mean DMFT for girls was higher than that for boys ( 2.53 for girls and 1.91 for boys ). 1.3. Dental caries increases significantly with age. The mean DMFT ranged from 1.68 for age group’ 11 years up to 2.50 for age group 14-15 years. 1.4. Though the prevelance of dental caries was not siginficantly related to social class( 70.59 in Governmental schools and 71.33 in Private schools), but the mean DMFT was higher in Private schools ( 2.91 ) than in Governmental schools ( 2.03). 1.5. Dental caries was mostly confined to pits and fissures. Few proximal ,buccal and lingual surfaces were found carious. 1.~eriodontal Diseases: 1.1. Periodontal disease was prevelant among\ the studiec!l pupils. 87.6 of the whole sample had soft deposits with average 3.626 segments affected per child. However,this is not considered periodontal disease but it is more re~ated to oral hygiene. .Soft .deposi ts were more prevelant among boys ( 92.71 + 3.849 segment per boy) than girls ( 80.24 + 3.302 segments per girl). 1.2. Calculus was pre~elant in 38.6 of the studied pupils with average 0.998 segement per pupil. The prevelance of calculus among boys was 42.2 with average 1.98 se~emnts and 33.42 with average 0.853 segment among girls. Calculus prevelance was 39.06 in Governmental schools with 9.975 segment per child while it was 36 in Private schools with 1.445 segments per child. 2.3. Intense gingivitis was prevelant in 19.6 of the studied pupils with average 0.396 segment. There were 21.86 of boys affected with intense gingivitis with average 0.484 segment and 16.43 of girls with average’ 0.268 segment. The intense gingiV.ji. tis prevelance was 20.24 in Governmental schools with 0.408 segment affected while it was 16 in Private schools with 0.418 segment affected and the difference was statistically significant. 2.4. The lower anterior segments and upper left and right posterior segment were highly affected with calculus and intense gingivitis ~han the other segments in the mouth. This can be explained by the fact that the oPen~ngs of parotid and sublingual glands are present in contact with these segments. 3. Occlusion: Class I . occlusion was present in 91.4 of the studied pupils, Class 11 in 7.3 and class 111 in 1.3. The latter t~o groups may need some sort of orthodontic treatment. 4. Prosthetic Needs: ~ . 4.1. There were 34 children ( 3.4 of the studied pupils) in need for removable. or fixed partial appliances ( 8 upper and 26 lower). 4.2. The prosthetic appliances needed for the lower jaw were more than three times those needed for the upper ’jaw. 5. Fractured Anterior Teeth: There were 89 fractured anterior teeth in the whole sample ( 0.089 tooth per child ). Out of them, 82 teeth were in need of full crown and 7 were indic.ted for extraction. Most of them were centrals and few were laterals. 6. Fluoride Content in Water Supply: The cpncemtration of fluoride ion in water supply was estimated during the period of the study and it ranged from 0.0 up .to 0.4 ppm. This concentration is very low and does not give the protection needed against dental caries. 7. Dental Health Services: 7,1. Only one fifth of the studied sample received dental care during the last 12 months prior to the study. 7.2. Emergency was the cause of the majority of these dental visits ( 77.4 ) , followed by filling ( 11.8 ) , gum treatment ( 4.6 ), periodic checkup ( 3.6 ) and other causes ( 2.6). 7.3. 80 students ( 8 ) had acute emergency conditions ,i.e. 73 had exposed pulp and pulpi tis Md 7 had dento-alveolar abscess. Chronic conditions were not found among the studied sample. 7.4. The majority of dental visits were done at the School Dental Clinics ( 76.9 ), followed by Private Clinics ( 21 ) ,then the Governmental or Public Dp.ntal Clinics ( 2.1 ). 7.5. There were 331 children ( 33.1 ) who stated that they brusb their teeth regularly ( at least once daily). Regular toothbrushing increased markedly with age ~( 26.3 of those aged 11 years up to 52.8 at age group 1 4-1 5 years). 7.6. Regular toothbrushing was more prevelant among girls than among boys ( 45.1 Of girls and 24.7 o£ boys). 7.7. 31.2 of Governmental school children brush their teeth regularly while 44 of Private school children’ were found to brush their teeth ! ’regularl y. 8. Out of 331 children brushing their teeth regularly, 67.6 of them ush their teeth once daily, 36.6 brush their teeth twice daily d 5.8 thrice daily. . Treatment Needs: .1. Oral health instructions we~ needed for the majority of the studied pupils ( 87.6 ) . 490 children ( 49 ) were in need of O.H.I. only and 190 children ( 19 ) ~.H.I.,and prophylaxis and 196 children (19.6 ) periodontal therapy without extraction. .2. Every 100 studied pupils had 186.5 teeth in need of one surface illings , 8.5 teeth need two surfaces fillings, 3.5 teeth need three ~faces fillings and 8.2 teeth need full crown. ~.3. Every 100 studied pupils had 11.6 teeth in need of extraction due ... to caries and 0.7 teeth need extraction due to previous trauma. 9. Professional Time Needed Calculated For 100 Pupils: Service No./ 100 child Time Needed per Unit < Total Time Needed 103.35 hours 6.93 hours 3.07 hours 9.65 hours 2.27 hours = 125.27 hours 1. Filling 206.7 30 minutes 2. Endodontic trt. 5.2 . 80 minutes 3. Extractions 12.3 15 minutes 4. Scal ingr- 38.6 15 minutes. 5.Prosthesis 3.4 40 minutes Total professipnal hours needed for 100 pupils i.e. 1.25 hour or 75.2 minutes are needed for each child. 10. Professional Time Unutilized : ) School Dental Health Services in Alexandria operates in 18 its and there are 65 dentists. In other words, 47 dentists are not utilized. This amounts to 235 hours every day or 58,750 professional urs are not utilized every year.