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Abstract
Cancer is a genetic disease progression from normal tissue to invasive cancer takes place over five to twenty years and influenced by hereditary genetic factors. Germline mutation which run in families and responsible for hereditary cancer. Somatic genetic mutations which occur during adult life and responsible for sporadic cancer.
The normal karyotype is 23 pairs of chromosomes 22 are the somatic chromosomes and pair is the sex chromosome XX in females and XY in males. Each chromosome consists of 2 short arm (p) and long arms (q) each arm is divided to regions numbered from the centromere to the telomere.
There are several types of mutations such as deletion, inversion, translocation, duplication, insertion and loss of heterozygosity.