الفهرس 
INTRODUCTION
Stresses Due To Low DepressionsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
To protect offshore pipelines from severe, environmental
loads, anchor and fishing gears
engmeers often trench the lines, or
muunnze the effect of the above
pipelines. This action will lead to
near shore areas, design
cover them with gravel to
condition on the submarine
restrict lateral movement of
the pipeline which usually operates at high pressure, high
temperature and also is laid on irregular seabed.
Recently, at the beginning of: MAY-1990, it was first
published that, there is an offshore subsea buried pipeline which
was laid at 40 meters depth, and operating at internal pressure
of 1000 psi and temperature of 800 C has been attacked by a
new mode of failure called UPHEA VAL BUCKLING. This
mode of failure led to an excessive deformation that caused a
buckle wave about 2.6 meters height and about 24 meters
length during seven months of service. This costed the owners
a lot to substitute this part of the pipeline under 40 meters