الفهرس 
CARTOGRAPHYOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Cartography is a technique fundamentally concerned with reducing the
spatial characteristics of a large area-a portion or all of tile earth or another
celestial body-and putting it in a form that makes it observable. Just as
spoken and written language allow people to communicate beyond the
restriction of having to point to everything. A map allows us to extend the
normal range of visions to speak, and makes it possible for us to see the
boarder spatial relations that exist over large areas.
Cartography can also be defined as: The art, science and technology of
making maps, together with their study as scientific document and works
of alt.
In the board sense cartography now includes ally activity in which the
preparation and use of maps is a matter of basic interest. This includes
teaching tile skills of map use, studying the history of cartography,
maintaining map collections, and designing and constructing maps, charts,
plans, and atlases. Although each area i.nvolves highly specialized
activities and often requires particular training, they all deal with maps,
and it is the special character of the map as the central unique mental object that joins those who work with them.
Recently, all cartographic procedures can be canied out by computer.
One of the most important applications of computer in the surveying fields
the uses of computer-aided cartography for the production of different
types of geographic, topographic and other maps. The Utilization of
computer in maps making led to the production of digital maps with wide
range of applications. One of the computer aided cartography applications
is the production of photo-maps derived from either conventional or digital
photos.
The objective of tills research project is to study the utilization of
computer in aiding the production of maps and compare tlus process with
the procedure of producing line maps in the conventional and digital forms.
This comparison includes study about the effect of levels presentation on
accuracy in conventional and digital forms.
In order to achieve the previously stated objectives, this thesis presents
the fundamentals of cartographic techniques as well as the theoretical
background of different types of maps, sources of map data, and methods
of map compilation such as: ground surveying, aerial surveying and
satellite methods. This study, also, covered the details of cartographic
representation such as: cartographic symbols, methods of map
representation for relief, physical features, artificial features, lettering and
generalization.This study was practically applied onto two different networks. In each
network the heights of points as extracted from both digital andconventional methods were compared and commented. The results of
comparisons were addressed and tabulated.
Finally, depending on the practical companson, some
recommendations concerning maps data and associated map compilation
process were presented inorder to meet the required accuracy of such map.