الفهرس 
Tourism and Recreation - Study Approaches, Definitions and HistoryOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Tourism is a multifaceted field of study. As a result, the range of research
problems in tourism is very broad, and this is reflected in the variety of
analytical techniques, which can be applied. The complexity of tourism
systems can usually be reduced to manageable levels by the specification of
appropriate models.
These models represent considerable simplifications of reality, but permit
useful implications to be drawn. The modeling approach to decision making
has the advantages of being explicit, systematic, and repeatable, but has
traditionally required both clear systematic thinking and significant statistical
training to execute. Analytical methods applied to tourism can be split into
three sections: economics and forecasting; computer modeling and statistics,
and information systems and techniques.
For an increasing nwnber of communities around the world, tourism has
become a potential lifeline for a better standard of living. Tourism has the
capacity to enrich and a capacity to destroy. At the same time, there are pitfalls
for the unwary, and it is critically important that leaders and decision makers,
including urban planners recognize this. Tourism can be either blessing or
blight. The outcome is usually determined by three elements. How carefully is
tourism development planned? Are local communities consulted about
developments that will affect them? Do developers and governments realize
that tourism should be a long-term commitment, not a short cut to profit or job-
creation?
The World Tourism Organization World (WTO) .Conference on Tourism held
in Manila (1981) contained two concurrent themes: (1) an insistence on the
perpetual advance of tourism through the growth of ”national tourism” and, in
contrast to the earlier WTO focus on ”international tourism,” the promotion of
”national tourism”; and (2) raising the awareness of nations and organizations of the spiritual values of tourism. ”Tourism ... a vital force for peace ... a moral
and intellectual basis for mutual understanding and interdependence of nations
... suitable for the foundation of a new economic order, which will narrow the
gap between the developed countries and the underdeveloped .. A means to
promote the lessening of international tensions and to develop a spirit of
friendly cooperation, with respect for human rights ... Within the equality of
societies and nations (WTO 1981:5)